Presence of nickel in dental bone replacement grafts and barrier membranes. A review of the literature and analysis of commercially available biomaterials

Authors: Ethan Hourizadeh, Zaid Rahman, Seyed Hossein Bassir and Georgios E. Romanos

Abstract

Aim: To review the potential risks associated with the use of bone grafting materials in relation to their nickel content and analyze the elemental makeup of commonly used bone grafts and barrier membranes in dentistry, specifically the concentration of nickel within these materials. Materials and methods: Analysis of the individual dental bone grafting materials was performed with a high-resolution energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Eight different varieties of bone grafts and variety of barrier membranes were analyzed. Results: All bone grafts and barrier membranes analyzed contained varying levels of nickels. The nickel content of barrier membranes ranged from 4.49 ppm to 9.34 ppm while the nickel content of bone grafts ranged from 6.60 ppm to 38.15 ppm. Conclusion: The presence of nickel in bone grafts and barrier membranes presents a potentially emerging issue of clinical significance. Nickel’s toxic, carcinogenic, and allergenic properties have been exhibited experimentally. The evidence suggests that these properties of nickel may play a role in long-term implant success and may possibly contribute to unintended systemic outcomes.

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